{"id":81,"date":"2021-05-13T06:27:54","date_gmt":"2021-05-13T06:27:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/cdp\/?page_id=81"},"modified":"2021-07-14T15:25:07","modified_gmt":"2021-07-14T15:25:07","slug":"housing-shelter","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cdp.habitatindia.net\/ml\/housing-shelter\/","title":{"rendered":"Housing\/Shelter"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Housing\/Shelter<\/span><\/h1>\n
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A shelter is a basic architectural structure or building that provides protection from the local environment. Having a place of shelter, of\nsafety and of retreat, i.e. a home, is commonly considered a fundamental physiological human need, the foundation from which to develop higher\nhuman motivations. A house is a building that functions as a home. They can range from simple dwellings such as rudimentary huts of nomadic tribes\nand the improvised shacks in shanty towns to complex, fixed structures of wood, masonry, concrete or other materials containing plumbing, ventilation,\nand electrical systems (Schoenauer et al., 2000). The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household. Houses use a range of different roofing\nsystems to keep precipitation such as rain from getting into the dwelling space. Houses may have doors or locks to secure the dwelling space and protect\nits inhabitants and contents from burglars or other trespassers. Most conventional modern houses in Western cultures will contain one or more bedrooms\nand bathrooms, a kitchen or cooking area, and a living room. A house may have a separate dining room, or the eating area may be integrated into another\nroom. Some houses only have a dwelling space for one family or similar-sized group; larger houses called townhouses or row houses may contain numerous\nfamily dwellings in the same structure.<\/p>\n

Shelter is one of the basic human needs along with food, water, and companionship. It is a structure that protects us from the elements and gives you a\nplace to live. A shelter can protect us from the sun, insects, wind, rain, snow, hot or cold temperatures and enemy observation. It can give us a\nfeeling of well-being. It can help us to maintain our will to survive.<\/p>\n

In some areas, our need for shelter may take precedence over our need for food\nand possibly even our need for water. For example, prolonged exposure to cold can cause excessive fatigue and weakness (exhaustion).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n

Present Housing Condition: Statistics Paravur Taluk<\/h5>\n

Paravur Taluk consists of small residential houses and about 90 percentage of household in Paravur Taluk\nlives in pucca structured dwellings. The materials used in roofs, walls and floors are important quality characteristics of a dwelling. About 90%\nof houses are made up of hard permanent floor materials like cement, mosaic, tile, brick, lime, and stone. The majority (60%) of the housing units\nin Paravur are roofed by cement, RBC or RCC. Tiles and slates (40%) are the next most commonly used roofing materials. For basement construction\nand foundation rock, RCC, laterite and concrete blocks are commonly used. In wall structure the commonly used materials are solid blocks, interlock\nblocks, concrete blocks and laterite. Door and window frames are wood, concrete and fibre. Most of the houses are concrete roofed. RCC roof is\nexisting accepted roof in these areas. Even though people construct roof using RCC, majority of the individuals prefer to cover the RCC roof with\ntruss (GI\/Aluminium sheets). Though roofs are constructed using wood and tiles, the number is very less. A mix of cement and sand is usually used\nfor plastering. A new trend of tiling using wall tile and wood panelling has come in to practice now.<\/p>\n

According to Kerala life mission data, there are a lot of homeless and landless people residing at Paravur Taluk. Some of them have their own land but\nthey don\u2019t have houses. Ezhikkara and Chittatukara Panchayats have the highest number of homeless families but in these Panchayat itself, there\nare a lot of families who do not have their own land. And also Panchayat like Kottuvally, Kadungallur, Karumaloor, etc., have a lot of families\nwho do not have their own land. Financial hardship and lack of required documents is the reason for not being able to build houses despite having\nland of their own.<\/p>\n\n

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Sl.no.<\/th>\nPanchayat Name<\/th>\nHomeless having own land<\/th>\nLandless<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1.<\/strong><\/th>\nAlangad<\/th>\n45<\/th>\n184<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/strong><\/th>\nChendamangalam<\/th>\n205<\/th>\n150<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/strong><\/th>\nChittattukara<\/th>\n527<\/th>\n203<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/strong><\/th>\nEzhikkkara<\/th>\n614<\/th>\n408<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/strong><\/th>\nKadungalloor<\/th>\n57<\/th>\n310<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/strong><\/th>\nKarumallur<\/th>\n54<\/th>\n210<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
7.<\/strong><\/th>\nKottuvally<\/th>\n172<\/th>\n249<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
8.<\/strong><\/th>\nKunnukara<\/th>\n55<\/th>\n80<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
9.<\/strong><\/th>\nPuthenvelikara<\/th>\n103<\/th>\n85<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
10.<\/strong><\/th>\nVadakkekara<\/th>\n111<\/th>\n125<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
11.<\/strong><\/th>\nVarapuzha<\/th>\n28<\/th>\n102<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Table 3: Details of homeless and landless families in North Paravur as of June 2000<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Sl.no.<\/th>\nPanchayat\/Municipality Name<\/th>\nFlood affected houses<\/th>\ncompletely damaged houses<\/th>\nPartially damaged houses<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1.<\/strong><\/th>\nAlangad<\/th>\n3236<\/th>\n165<\/th>\n266<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/strong><\/th>\nChendamangalam<\/th>\n4562<\/th>\n354<\/th>\n899<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/strong><\/th>\nChittattukara<\/th>\n2200<\/th>\n252<\/th>\n412<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/strong><\/th>\nEzhikkkara<\/th>\n2460<\/th>\n65<\/th>\n64<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/strong><\/th>\nKadungalloor<\/th>\n4533<\/th>\n54<\/th>\n56<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/strong><\/th>\nKarumallur<\/th>\n1210<\/th>\n129<\/th>\n61<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
7.<\/strong><\/th>\nKottuvally<\/th>\n3843<\/th>\n242<\/th>\n52<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
8.<\/strong><\/th>\nKunnukara<\/th>\n3625<\/th>\n35<\/th>\n74<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
9.<\/strong><\/th>\nPuthenvelikara<\/th>\n4639<\/th>\n345<\/th>\n773<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
10.<\/strong><\/th>\nVadakkekara<\/th>\n4958<\/th>\n588<\/th>\n153<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
11.<\/strong><\/th>\nVarapuzha<\/th>\n4105<\/th>\n33<\/th>\n91<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Table 4: No of houses fully and partially damage during the disaster as of December 2018<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Chendamangalam, Puthenvelikara, Vadakkekara, Chittatukara, etc. are the places that are adjacent\nto the Chalakkudi and Periyar River and endured major damage during the Kerala flood. During the flood, 90% of the houses were inundated and\ndamaged in places like Alangad, Puthenvelikara, Chendamangalam, Vadakkekara, Chittattukara, etc. With the help of the government and other NGOs,\nmost of the houses have been rebuilt. The flood had a significant effect on the rest of the regions such as Eloor, Varapuzha, Kadungallur,\nEzhikkara, etc in Paravur Taluk.<\/p>\n

\nVadakkekara Panchayat has the most number (4958) of flood-affected houses in Paravur Taluk. 153 houses were fully damaged and 588 houses\nwere partially damaged. The highest number of houses was completely damaged in Puthenvelikara and Chendamangalam Panchayat. A total number\nof 354 houses were damaged in Chendamangalam Panchayat and 345 houses were in puthenvelikara Panchayat. The number of partially damaged houses\nwas high in Chendamangalam Panchayat, Chittattukara Panchayat, Puthenvelikara Panchayat, and Vadakkekara Panchayat. While observing and analysing\nthe above list, Panchayats like Vadakkekara, Puthenvelikara, Chittatukara and Chendamangalam need a special care and support for their\nsurvival.<\/p>\n

With the help of the Government and other NGOs, most of the houses have been repaired and still some of the houses are to be\nrepaired. The highest number of houses were repaired in Alangad Panchayat (609 houses) and the rest of the 33 houses are to be\nrepaired. Ezhikkara Panchayat has the highest number of houses yet to be completed and the lowest number of houses to be repaired\nin Kadungallor Panchayat. A lot of houses have been repaired in the panchayats like Chendamangalam, Chittattukara, Vadakkekara,\nPuthenvelikara, and Varapuzha and also more houses are yet to be repaired in these panchayats.<\/p>\n\n

Challenges in Housing Sector<\/h5>\n

In case of Paravur Taluk, the area is thickly populated and most of the residential houses are non – engineered. Generally,\nspecific design measures for flood hazard are not explicitly considered in the structural design of typical buildings in this\narea. This affects the structural integrity of houses in Paravur Taluk. Inadequate depth of foundation and floor located below\nflood level and inadequate connection between walls or lack of a framed structure to increase the stiffness are observed in\nhouses. Most of the gable wall and perimeter walls of residential houses are unsupported. There are diagonal cracking at corners\nof openings due to the absence of sill and lintel beams. There is the usage of poor quality building material lacking required\nstrength and performance. The roof framing structures of some houses are not properly connected. Inadequate anchoring of door\nand window frames to structure and inadequate connection of gable to structure and roofing to gable are also seen in some cases.<\/p>\n

Even though flood hazards may not have devastating effects on most of the building structures\nbuilt using water resistant materials such as concrete, steel or seasoned timber, and with basic flood management systems, some\nareas in Chendamangalam, Vadakkekara, Chittattukara,\n
\nEzhikkara and Kottuvally Panchayat are under Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) III. The coastal zone is a transition area between marine and territorial zones.\nIt includes shore ecosystems, wetland ecosystems, mangrove ecosystems, mudflat ecosystems, sea grass ecosystems, salt marsh\necosystems, and seaweed ecosystems. In all CRZ Rules, the regulation zone has been defined as the area up to 500 m from the\nhigh-tide line. Therefore, no construction shall be permitted within this zone except for repairs of the authorized structures\nnot exceeding existing FSI. The construction activities in the notified CRZ areas can be permitted only in consultation with\nand concurrence of the Coastal Zone Management Authority.<\/p>\n\n

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Sl.no.<\/th>\nPanchayat\/Municipality Name<\/th>\nNo. of houses repaired<\/th>\nNo. of houses to be repaired<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1.<\/strong><\/th>\nAlangad<\/th>\n609<\/th>\n33<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/strong><\/th>\nChendamangalam<\/th>\n358<\/th>\n54<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/strong><\/th>\nChittattukara<\/th>\n313<\/th>\n87<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/strong><\/th>\nEzhikkkara<\/th>\n95<\/th>\n94<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/strong><\/th>\nKadungalloor<\/th>\n109<\/th>\n10<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/strong><\/th>\nKarumallur<\/th>\n316<\/th>\n22<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
7.<\/strong><\/th>\nKottuvally<\/th>\n379<\/th>\n73<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
8.<\/strong><\/th>\nKunnukara<\/th>\n232<\/th>\n45<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
9.<\/strong><\/th>\nPuthenvelikara<\/th>\n64<\/th>\n83<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
10.<\/strong><\/th>\nVadakkekara<\/th>\n261<\/th>\n58<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
11.<\/strong><\/th>\nVarapuzha<\/th>\n273<\/th>\n61<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Table 5: No of houses rebuilt\/repaired and to be repaired\/reconstructed as per the data collected from various Panchayats in June 2019<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
Resources available in North Paravur<\/h5>\n

North Paravur is abundant in the availability of natural building materials such as\nmud and clay. It usually forms after rainfall or near water sources. In the construction industry, mud is a semi-fluid material\nthat can be used to coat, seal, or adhere materials. Depending on the composition of the mud, it can be referred by many different\nnames, including slurry, mortar, plaster, stucco and concrete. Mud, cob, adobe, clay and many other names are historically used\nsynonymously to mean a mixture of subsoil and water possibly with the addition of stones, gravel, straw, lime and bitumen. This\nmaterial was used in a variety of ways to build walls, floors and even roofs. But in the present scenario people are not using\nthese locally available materials for constructions. It is also a disadvantage that many other natural materials are absent in\nthe region.<\/p>\n\n

Emerging Trends in Housing<\/h5>\n

These days, people are more environmentally conscious and look for less harmful\nalternatives to inhabit the earth, damaging it as little as possible, and among those alternatives are some of the new trends\nin architecture: passive construction systems, functional architecture in small scale and traditional systems such as adobe or\nmasonry, among others. However, technological progress also continues to grow, so it is important to be conscious of the handling\nof steel, glass and polycarbonate and the reuse of steel tanks for functional homes.<\/p>\n

\nOne of the trends that have caused most furor and that will grow much more next year, is the design and construction\nof tiny homes, but with all the functions and amenities of a regular house.<\/p>\n

\nThis trend is based on saving space and resources, both economic, natural and industrial, impacting nature as little as possible,\nbut also avoiding land tenure and ownership payments, giving the owner the freedom to locate him in different places and to leave\na minimal footprint in the environment. The other trends are:<\/p>\n\n

\n
    \n \t
  1. Pre-Fab Construction<\/b>
    \nAs builders and all key stakeholders within the construction industry grapple with increased pressure to maintain efficiency\namid building delays and unpredictable weather events, one particular construction method is gaining momentum \u2013\npre-fab construction.
    \nPrefabricated construction means a lot of the building can be conducted in more of a controlled environment,\nrather than on a construction site, increasing productivity and minimizing risk.<\/li>\n \t
  2. Permanent Modular Construction<\/b>
    \nPermanent modular construction is set to become a huge trend in coming years, providing quick and efficient construction methods\nwhilst using many of the same techniques as commercial construction but on a residential scale. With the \u201cboxes\u201d being constructed\nlargely offsite; it allows buildings to be added onto later.\nThe buildings consist of multiple sections, called modules, constructed in an offsite location and then transported to its\nintended site. Cranes then place the construction onto its foundations.<\/li>\n \t
  3. Energy Efficiency<\/b>
    \nEnergy consumption is always on the mind in construction. Systems that recover energy through heat wheels and occupancy\nsensors are becoming vital. An example of the latter is the countless interior conference rooms that can be left empty\nfor weeks. By recognizing carbon dioxide in the room, a sensor changes the ventilation and, therefore, the energy needed.<\/li>\n \t
  4. Single-Design Model<\/b>
    \nTraditionally engineering documents were created and then given to the contractor to re-draw with different information.\nNow there has been a shift to have it all in-house, from engineering to coordination, significantly reducing the engineering,\nright through to construction.<\/li>\n \t
  5. Materials<\/b>
    \nAs technology increases and progresses, so do the materials that are constructing our buildings. Adapted sheet metal in\nparticular is popular as a guaranteed pressure class for high quality finishes.<\/li>\n \t
  6. BIM<\/b>
    \nBuilding Information Modelling has been a growing trend for years, as it is no longer relegated to just the largest firms.\nBIM provides tangible business benefits, no matter the level of implementation. Many have cited BIM’s ability to provide\nmore consistent, more accurate and less time-consuming project document generation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Housing\/Shelter A shelter is a basic architectural structure or building that provides protection from the local environment. Having a place of shelter, of safety and of retreat, i.e. a home, is commonly considered a fundamental physiological human need, the foundation from which to develop higher human motivations. A house is a building that functions as […]","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-81","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cdp.habitatindia.net\/ml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/81","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cdp.habitatindia.net\/ml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cdp.habitatindia.net\/ml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cdp.habitatindia.net\/ml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cdp.habitatindia.net\/ml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=81"}],"version-history":[{"count":80,"href":"https:\/\/cdp.habitatindia.net\/ml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/81\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2992,"href":"https:\/\/cdp.habitatindia.net\/ml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/81\/revisions\/2992"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cdp.habitatindia.net\/ml\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=81"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}